| Solar panel | Solar panel serve as components that change sunlight into using solar cells. They are an environmentally friendly and alternative energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a device that absorbs sunlight to generate heat, typically used for water heating or room heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on conventional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sun rays to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating, indoor heating, or power generation. It is a green and sustainable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic and historic-influenced nation in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural legacy, famous sights, and bustling urban areas like the capital. It boasts a diverse landscape of undulating terrain, ancient castles, and lively city hubs that blend tradition with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the environmental light emitted by the sun, crucial for living organisms on Earth as it offers energy for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a kind of energy due to the flow of ions, primarily electrons. It drives numerous devices and systems, facilitating contemporary living and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a opposite electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the single-direction stream of electric charge, typically produced by batteries, electrical sources, and solar panels. It provides a constant voltage or current, rendering it necessary for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a device that stores chemical energy and transforms it into electrical energy to run various digital equipment. It consists of several electrochemical units, each comprising electrode pairs divided by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels made of semiconductor cells. It is an green energy solution that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a unit that converts direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) fit for household use and grid connection. It plays a crucial role in enhancing energy performance and providing secure, reliable electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that reverses direction regularly, typically used in domestic and industrial power supplies. It allows for effective transmission of electricity over extended spans and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, typically sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that controls the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and damage. It provides efficient energy transfer and prolongs the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a device used to measure the extent, amount, or level of something accurately. It includes gadgets like meters, temperature sensors, and barometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically adjusts its orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement across the day, maximizing energy absorption. This innovation improves the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are large-scale facilities that capture sunlight to create electricity using numerous solar panels. They provide a renewable and sustainable energy power, decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reducing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves setting up photovoltaic panels on building roofs to produce electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-connected solar power system changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, methane, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar power satellite is an artificial satellite equipped with solar arrays that absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. This energy is then beamed to the planet's surface for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems retain excess power generated from renewable sources or the power grid for future use, boosting energy independence and efficiency. These solutions typically utilize batteries to deliver backup energy, cut down energy costs, and support grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The timeline of solar panels documents the development and improvements in solar power tech from the initial discovery of the photovoltaic effect to contemporary high-efficiency photovoltaic modules. It showcases key milestones, including the creation of the initial silicon solar cell in 1954 and ongoing developments that have substantially improved power transformation and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a Gallic physicist by profession noted for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photoelectric effect and glow. His tests laid the basis for understanding how light interacts with specific materials to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrician and researcher known for discovering the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the development of the photo-sensitive device and progress in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source framework used for automated testing of web browsers, allowing testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an American inventor who created the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His groundbreaking work laid the groundwork for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-fired power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce steam that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductor. His work paved the way for modern solar power technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a renowned R&D entity traditionally associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in communications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the birthplace of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, famous for its essential role in the production of electronic components and solar panels. It is a hard, fragile crystalline material with a blue-grey sheen, predominantly employed as a electronic component in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a small component installed on each photovoltaic panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This approach improves system performance, enables improved system tracking, and boosts energy production in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a component that turns sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is commonly used in solar arrays to offer a renewable and renewable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that delivers eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon acts as a fundamental particle representing a packet of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum without possessing rest mass. It plays a important role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the process by which certain materials turn sunlight immediately into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This phenomenon is the basic foundation behind photovoltaic technology, enabling the utilization of solar energy for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a thin slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for manufacturing integrated circuits. It functions as the foundational platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic components due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its structured, orderly crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, pliable configuration, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a lower cost. They use strata of semiconductor substances a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the mass of building components and fixed equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as users, fixtures, and external influences. Both are essential considerations in building planning to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components sequentially, so the identical current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits link components across the same voltage source, permitting various paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's total resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power represents the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Created through multiple sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear power, and green energy, and fundamental for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a standard of energy transfer rate in the International System of Units, indicating the rate of energy transfer or conversion. It is the same as one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric voltage difference between two points, which pushes the movement of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and indicates the work per single charge available to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the derived unit of electrical potential, electric potential difference, and voltage in the SI system. It measures the electric energy per charge unit between locations in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the passage of electricity through a conductor, commonly measured in amps. It is crucial for supplying electronic devices and enabling the working of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp represents the measure of electrical current in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It measures the flow of electrical charge through a conductor over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by devices and electrical load in a circuit. It determines the layout and capacity of power systems to maintain secure and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical casing used to securely contain wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a uniform photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a reliable and dependable manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a easy and consistent method of supplying electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is commonly used for charging and feeding a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a unit that converts DC from supplies like cells or solar panels into AC suitable for home devices. It enables the use of standard electrical devices in environments where only DC power is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack is a collection of numerous individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically align the position of solar panels to follow the solar trajectory throughout the day, enhancing solar energy capture. This system increases the effectiveness of photovoltaic energy harvesting by maintaining best panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to enhance the power generation of solar panel setups by regularly modifying the performance point to match the optimal power point of the solar cells. This procedure ensures the highest efficiency power harvesting, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by separately optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a instrument that observes and analyzes the efficiency of solar panel systems in instantaneous, offering important data on energy production and system health. It aids optimize solar energy output by identifying issues ahead of time and securing maximum efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are thin, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sun rays directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are frequently used in solar arrays to power homes, devices, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of countless tiny silicon lattice structures, frequently used in solar panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its production involves liquefying and reforming silicon to form a ultra-pure, polycrystalline structure fit for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a high-purity variant of silicon with a single crystal framework, making it extremely capable for use in solar panels and electronic devices. Its homogeneous formation allows for better electron flow, resulting in better efficiency compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics constitute a kind of thin film solar method that offers a affordable and efficient option for massive solar energy harvesting. They are their excellent absorption performance and comparatively reduced manufacturing costs compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are laminate photovoltaic devices that utilize a multi-layered compound of Cu, In, gallium, and Se to transform sunlight into power efficiently. They are recognized for their great light capturing efficiency, flexibility, and possibility for portable, cost-effective solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a amorphous atomic structure, making it more flexible and simpler to apply than crystalline silicon. It is frequently used in solar panels and electronic devices due to its economic advantage and adaptable characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic cells aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and new techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, cutting costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar cells are innovative photovoltaic devices that use multiple p-n connections stacked together to absorb a broader spectrum of the solar spectrum, significantly increasing their efficiency. They are mostly applied in space missions and advanced solar power systems due to their superior energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays are vital components that convert sunlight into electricity to power onboard instrumentation. Usually lightweight, durable, and crafted to function effectively in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metallic component, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor famous for its high electron mobility and efficiency in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV use focusing elements or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto highly efficient multi-layer solar cells, substantially improving energy conversion efficiency. This technique is ideal for large capacity solar power plants in zones with clear sunlight, delivering a economical solution for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and pliant form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a thin film of CIGS compound as the light-absorbing layer, known for high efficiency and bendability. They offer a lightweight, budget-friendly alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with excellent performance in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a fine layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in various technological applications. These coatings are essential in electronics, light manipulation, and coatings for their distinctive physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a eco-friendly and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a stratum of substance covering a few nanometers to a few microns in depth, often applied to surfaces for purposeful functions. These coatings are used in diverse fields, including electronic devices, light manipulation, and medicine, to modify surface characteristics or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are measurement units equal to one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to illustrate minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are precision devices used to precisely measure tiny gaps or thicknesses, typically in manufacturing and production. They feature a adjusted screw system that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a slender, ring-shaped section of silicon crystal used as the base for manufacturing semiconductor devices. It functions as the core material in the creation of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are thin-film solar units famous for their excellent performance and adaptability, ideal for various uses. They employ a multilayer semiconductor structure that turns sunlight directly into electrical energy with excellent performance in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a form of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is known for being economical and having a comparatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sunlight directly into electricity using PV cells, providing a sustainable energy source for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. They offer a eco-friendly, long-lasting, and economical way to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower CO2 emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that converts sunlight into electricity using a light-sensitive dye to absorb light and generate electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for transparent and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum confinement effects. This technology offers the potential for lower-cost, bendable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic PV cells are photovoltaic units that employ carbon-based compounds, to turn solar radiation into electric power. They are lightweight, bendable, and provide cost-effective, large-area solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a advantageous semiconductor substance used in thin-film solar panels due to its earth-abundant and harmless elements. Its favorable photo-electronic properties make it an attractive option for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of architectural elements, such as roofing, facades, and windows. This modern approach enhances energy performance while maintaining visual attractiveness and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material with little distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency permits light to diffuse through, obscuring detailed visibility but yet still permitting shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves the process of applying a light film to the inside or outside of cars or structures panes to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It boosts privacy, improves energy efficiency, and adds a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of PV power stations information various massive solar energy plants around the world, demonstrating their power and sites. These stations function a important role in renewable energy production and international efforts to reduce carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are massive installations that transform sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels. They are crucial in renewable energy generation, cutting dependence on coal and oil, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of issues such as contamination, climatic shifts, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote green approaches and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are renewably replenished, such as sunlight, air currents, and water. It offers a eco-friendly option to fossil fuels, reducing ecological footprint and enhancing sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as bituminous coal, petroleum, and methane, are non-replenishable supplies formed over geological eras and are depleted when used. They are the main fuels for electrical energy and mobility but pose ecological and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy types such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and green energy into electricity. This process generally happens in electricity plants where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce electricity for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, toxic elements such as plumbum, Hg, metallic cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance indicates how well a solar panel converts sunlight into usable electrical power. Enhancing this efficiency is essential for maximizing renewable energy output and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when light shining on a metal ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This phenomenon provided significant indication for the development of quantum theory by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves exposing products to increased stresses to rapidly assess their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of solar energy systems has accelerated rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by technological advancements and cost reductions. This growth is transforming the world energy sector by boosting the portion of renewable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power installations designed to generate electricity on a commercial scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover vast areas and utilize solar panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a clear device that bending light to focus or spread out rays, forming images. It is commonly used in instruments like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an approaching light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the point of contact. It determines how light interacts with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a delicate film applied to vision surfaces to minimize reflections and enhance light passage. It improves the clarity and brightness of optical devices by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that that their amplitudes negate each other, resulting in a diminution or complete elimination of the resultant waveform. This event generally happens when the waves are not in phase by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is a type of electrical flow that changes polarity, commonly employed in power supply systems. The voltage fluctuates in a sinusoidal pattern over time, enabling efficient transmission over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a small device used to convert direct current (DC) from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic use. It improves system performance by maximizing energy production at the module level and simplifies setup and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or AC electrical energy, is electricity delivered through a setup where the potential difference and electric flow periodically reverse polarity, enabling optimized transmission over vast spans. It is frequently used in households and industries to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a type of electrical plug used to supply DC energy from a power source to an electronic device. It generally consists of a cylindrical plug and jack that provide a reliable and trustworthy connection for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a international safety certification agency that assesses and approves products to ensure they comply with specific security norms. It assists consumers and businesses identify reliable and secure products through thorough assessment and testing procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electronic networks in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow. In this setup, the identical electric current passes through all parts, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where elements are connected between the same voltage source, offering multiple routes for current flow. This arrangement allows components to operate separately, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode serves as a electronic device that allows current to move in one direction exclusively, functioning as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12 volt, intended to deliver electrical energy for various devices and add-ons inside a automobile. It allows users to power electronic devices or operate small appliances during on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for connecting hardware to PCs, enabling data transmission and power supply. It supports a broad spectrum of devices such as input devices, mice, external drives, and smartphones, with multiple generations providing increased speeds and improved functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into usable energy. Improving this efficiency is essential to maximizing energy generation and making solar power affordable and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to research and development in green energy and energy conservation technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar power, wind power, biomass energy, and additional renewable sources to promote a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses every kind of EM radiation, spanning from radio waves to gamma rays, featuring different lengths and energies. This range is essential for a wide array of devices and the natural world, enabling data exchange, medical imaging, and insight into the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It has a crucial role in processes like vitamin D production but can also result in skin damage and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color design based on shades of a single hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and accord. This design approach emphasizes minimalism and elegance by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, typically measured in watts per square meter. It is a crucial parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the intensity of sunlight reaching a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a standard unit used to quantify the magnitude of radiation or energy flow received or emitted over a particular area, commonly in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in understanding the distribution and movement of radiation across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of various hues or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or alternatively. It is commonly used to illustrate the dispersion of light or signal bandwidths in different scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a substantial mass of air's with comparatively uniform temperature and moisture features, originating from specific origin zones. These air masses influence weather systems and sky conditions as they move across diverse areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the quantification of the intensity per square meter received from the solar source in the manner of light. It fluctuates with solar phenomena and Earth's weather systems, influencing climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in photovoltaic systems refers to the buildup of dust, and impurities on the panels of solar arrays, which decreases their performance. Regular cleaning and maintenance are essential to limit energy waste and guarantee maximum operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage represents the maximum voltage available from a power source when no current is flowing, spanning its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the peak electrical current that travels through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, takes place, going around the normal load. It presents a significant safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a measure of the highest power output of a solar array under optimal sunlight conditions. It shows the module's peak ability to create electricity in typical testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an measuring tool used to measure the potential difference between two points in a electrical system. It is frequently utilized in various electrical and electronic applications to ensure proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a problem in PV modules where increased voltage stress causes a notable reduction in power output and performance. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion movement within the photovoltaic materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a semi metallic element crucial for plant growth and used in various industrial uses, such as glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It exhibits unique chemical properties that render it useful in creating durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring perfect tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a solid and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant collects sunlight using vast arrays of photovoltaic solar panels to create renewable electricity. It offers an green energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated practice of utilizing land for both solar power production and agriculture, making the most of space and resources. This method improves crop production while concurrently producing renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are solar energy devices designed to harvest sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, improving overall energy production. They are commonly positioned in a way that allows for increased efficiency by utilizing albedo reflection and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a structure that provides shade while creating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a group of multiple photovoltaic modules arranged to generate electricity from sunlight. It is often used in sustainable power systems to deliver clean, sustainable power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a framework that delivers shade and shelter from the elements for al fresco areas. It improves the functionality and visual charm of a terrace, making it a cozy space for leisure and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference direction, usually true north, to the line connecting an observer to a point of interest. It is frequently used in wayfinding, surveying, and celestial observation to specify the bearing of an celestial body with respect to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential bodily injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor substance extensively utilized in thin film solar cells due to its high efficiency and cost efficiency. It demonstrates outstanding optical properties, making it a popular choice for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A catalog of photovoltaics companies features the leading manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are key in promoting solar energy adoption and advancement across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a quantity of energy output equal to 1,000,000,000 W, used to quantify big electricity generation and consumption. It is typically associated with electricity stations, electricity networks, and large-scale power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a worldwide leader in solar PV power solutions, expert in producing thin film-based solar panels that deliver excellent efficiency and low-cost power generation. The organization is focused on green renewable energy advancement and cutting down the world dependency on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in smoothly connecting various elements of factory and automated systems to improve productivity and reliability. It aims on creating cutting-edge solutions that facilitate seamless communication and interoperability among different tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an top Chinese-based corporation focused on producing and developing solar-powered photovoltaic products and solutions. Famous for state-of-the-art tech and sustainable energy initiatives in the renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often employed to indicate the potential of large-scale power generation or usage. It emphasizes the huge energy magnitude involved in current power infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the concept where the cost per unit of production reduces as cumulative output grows, due to learning curve and optimization obtained over time. This effect highlights the importance of stored knowledge in lowering costs and enhancing efficiency in manufacturing and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems transform sunlight straight into electricity using semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This technology is a pure, green energy source that aids cut down reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of producing solar or wind energy is equal to or lower than the expense of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving grid parity signifies that sustainable energy technologies are economically viable with traditional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the standard electrical power supplied to homes and enterprises through a grid of power lines, delivering a reliable source of energy for different appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the nation, and is supplied through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all elements of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is vital for securing the optimum and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is captured from the sun's rays using solar cells to convert electricity or through thermal solar systems to provide warmth. It represents a sustainable, eco-friendly, and eco-conscious power supply that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in home, corporate, and factory sites to generate green, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, delivering renewable energy solutions where standard power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of solar-powered products features a selection of devices that capture sunlight to generate energy, promoting green and renewable living. These items include ranging from solar power banks and lights to home equipment and outdoor equipment, providing multi-purpose alternatives for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a facility that generates sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a renewable energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy and limits greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV utilize lenses or mirrors to focus solar radiation on advanced solar cells, greatly boosting power output using a compact footprint. This approach works well in areas with intense, direct sunlight and offers a promising approach to reducing the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
